The Contributors And Their Contributions To Modern Security Essays

The Contributors And Their Contributions To Modern Security The Contributors and their Contributions to Modern Security The need for security has been around since the beginning of recorded time. Many came together in an effort to protect themselves and their belongings, from such threats as animals, weather and other humans. This grouping also made it easier to find food and satisfy their need for socialization. They donned weapons, erected walls, built barriers, and made laws, in an attempt to shield themselves from danger and fear. Humans evolved, as did their types of security, weaponry and barriers. Often, rulers selected individuals to aid in the enforcement of laws, as well as provide security for the ruler himself. Many of those individuals were men chosen from the military, which were often ruthless, and dangerous. The Romans relied upon the military force of the legions. To place the military on a stable foundation and disperse the power that the legions held, Augustus, the Emperor of Rome, created The Praetorian Guard, a type of bodyguard police, The Urban Cohorts, which were comprised of soldiers with police and military duties. Also, The Vigiles, large groups of firefighter police. During the Middle Ages, the Serfs, working for Noblemen, who answered to the King, worked the land, provided arms and fought in the Kings wars. In exchange, the Serfs received food and security from the noblemen. Anglo-Saxons brought the idea of mutual responsibility for protection of individuals. Tithings, a Grouping of ten families, collectively assumed responsibility for maintaining law and order. The tithing system was later replaced with the Frankpledge system after the Norman Conquest. The Frankpledge system demanded that all free Englishman swear to keep the peace. The Magna Charta, challenged the feudal system during King Johns reign as his lords revolted and forced him to sign, giving all Englishmen due process of law. The Magna Charta is the basis for modern justice. The Statute of Westminster formalized the practice in criminal justice and apprehension of criminals. The watch and ward system required townsmen to patrol the cities during the night, while the constables patrolled during the day. Those who did not serve were placed in the stocks. The hue and cry system served as alarm for the citizens of the town or city. When a criminal resisted the watchman cried out and the people of the town came to his aid. Enforcement of the hue and cry was brought about by the assize of arms, which required every male between fifteen and sixty years of age to keep a weapon in the home as a harness to keep the peace. Many merchants were not satisfied with the quality of the protection provided them, therefore they hired private police. These private police guarded their businesses, investigated crimes, and recovered stolen property. Oliver Cromwell attempted to use his army as a police force as a means of crime prevention. There was no effective police mechanism between the people and his army. Therefore, the people resisted and the watch and ward system remained the primary crime control procedure until the industrial revolution. The Industrial Revolution of England brought about many changes. Famine hit the rural community, forcing many into the cities to find jobs at mills and factories. Crime intensified within the cities brought on by the countless poverty stricken people trying to survive. Furthermore, Political extremists triggered angry mobs, which caused riots. Because there was no organized police to handle riots, a magistrate ordered the Riot Act and called in the military. In London, 1748 Henry Fielding was made the Chief Magistrate of Bow Street. During this period of time there was no police force. He was known for his leniency in dealing with petty theft. He also wrote and published pamphlets about the poverty in London, and the causes of the rising crime. Fielding envisioned an idea that the people may join forces, go out into the streets, and stop crime before it had a chance to cause ruin. Fielding chose six men to form a volunteer force. These men swept clean the Bow Street area. Many were arrested, and the rest fled from the neighborhood. Even after Henry Fieldings death, his brother John carried on his ideas. The Bow Street volunteers

Why Do Government Agencies Become Involved In Tourism Tourism Essay Essays

Why Do Government Agencies Become Involved In Tourism Tourism Essay Essays Why Do Government Agencies Become Involved In Tourism Tourism Essay Essay Why Do Government Agencies Become Involved In Tourism Tourism Essay Essay What is touristry. Tourism can be defined in more than one manner. Conceptually, it refers to the thoughts and sentiments people hold which shape their determinations about traveling on trips, approximately where to travel, and what to make ( Leiper 1995 ) . Technically, it refers to the activities of the individuals going to and remaining in topographic points outside their usual environment for non more than one back-to-back twelvemonth for leisure, wellness, concern and other intents ( Leiper 1990, Pearce 1989 ) . From the sociological point of position, touristry besides refers to commercialized cordial reception, democratized travel, a modern assortment of the traditional pilgrims journey, and an look of basic cultural subjects ( Cohen 1984 ) . However, the most important signifier of touristry is its dealingss with the economic development of a state. In many states, touristry is an economic activity which consumes a big portion of its natural resources, generates gross of one million millions of dollars every twelvemonth and affecting 1000s of stakeholders and the general populace. As a consequence, it is one of the most of import duties of the authorities as to the planning, facilitating, organizing, monitoring and protecting of touristry of that state. The World Tourism Organization ( WTO ) has conducted an scrutiny on the engagement of the authoritiess in touristry. Harmonizing to Richardson A ; Fluker ( 2004 ) , a authorities has the duties of set uping the model of touristry, building substructure and communications ; advancing the tourer finishs to the visitants, supplying statute laws, ordinances and controls for touristry and the protecting the involvements of the stakeholders. As Accrcnza ( 1985 ) pointed out there are basic phases in touristry planning which required the engagement of the authorities. They are analysis of old touristry development, rating of the present place of touristry, preparation of touristry policy, definition of development scheme and amplification of an action programme. All these necessitate big sum of work force and resources which are impossible for private sectors to pull off. For case, in set uping the model of touristry, a working touristry system is identified which might impact authorities s determination on tourer s finishs. Two major major force, demand ( sellers ) and supply ( development ) , are to be considered in this regard. While the demand side is tourers who are traveling to the finishs, the supply side is related to the land and the geographic features of the finishs ( Gunn 1993 ) . In add-on, the supply side besides made up of five major constituents, the attractive force ; transit ; services ; information and publicity. The attractive force is the most powerful component as it helps to promote and increase the desire of the tourers to see the country. However, to develop the attractive force, it may besides affect the considerations of such external factors as the natural resources and the cultural resources. The natural resources provide the foundation for touristry development which preferred by tourer, such as H2O life ; vegetive screen ; wildlife ; topography, dirts, geology and clime, atmosphere. The Cultural resources are of import for attractive forces developed as historic ; cultural national, trade and related economic development. As a consequence it may necessitate the authorities to win the support of the community sing the development of these finishs as the community is a important factor on the operation of touristry. Its credence and willingness to back up touristry industries would greatly ease the long term development of the sites. Transportation system which enable tourer to go to different finishs ; and services and information such as stores, Bankss and eating houses ; are two other constituents of the supply side. As Gunn ( 1993 ) pointed out it was the duty of the authorities to make new and improve physical workss such as superstructure and substructure. Superstructure refers to the land and edifice developments used straight by travellers, such as hotels, eating houses and attractive forces. Infrastructure is applied to necessary support developments, such as roads, airdromes, H2O supply and fire protection. These public installations have to be provided by the authorities so as to advance the growing of touristry. In add-on, ( Gee, Dexrer A ; James 1984 ) physical development of touristry is made up a great diverseness for concern, authorities, and non-profit-making constituents, such as direct supplier, include transit, travel bureaus and eating house ; the support services which are tour organisers, direction ; and the developmental organisation include contrivers and authorities bureaus. Sing the publicity of the tourer industry which helps to increase tourer to see that country, authorities bureaus have an of import function as the booster in this industry. Ad in mass media and cyberspace is really of import in advancing and exciting travel to the finishs. Familiarization Tourss and travel shows can supply information and attract tourer to see that finish. Furthermore, if they are organized by the authorities, they will go promises with repute and will increase the Numberss of the visitants significantly. Tourism merchandise such as Parkss, historic sites or convention centres can increase the tourer flow, but these attractive force merchandises must be cognizant as a promised. If tourers discover the finish is non the same as its promise, it may impact the figure of tourer who willing to come to the finish ( Gunn 1993, Pearce 1989 ) . Therefore, direction of these touristry merchandises has to be carefully supervised and monitored. Management is to do establishments capable of bring forthing consequence ( Drucker 1998 ) . Harmonizing to Richardson A ; Fluker ( 2004 ) , the direction method which adopted by the WTO are the confer withing with assorted stakeholders through meetings with industry, consultative groups and the general public The purpose of these meetings is to discourse specific topics such as strategic planning ; issues on touristry industry such as publicities and ordinances ; puting up and support of specialised touristry bureaus which help to develop the touristry in dustry, and supplying installations and operations in order to supply money or installations for national or communities involvement. Furthermore the meetings are besides about making the appropriate financial, regulative and societal environment within private concern ; and judging between conflicting involvement on society which are concerned with the environment, diversion and wildlife resorts. As we can see, direction is besides related to the protection on finish s involvement. It is really of import in touristry industry. Decision-making through managerial perceptual experiences and the nonsubjective dimensions of touristry industry construction influence the natural environmental resources. The touristry resorts and its environment are necessary for endurance and growing. The strategic directors have the most duty to that environment. As a consequence, the planning procedure in tactical ( short-run ) and strategic ( long term ) has to be carefully considered and monitored as it can better the touristry industry public presentation and let an effectual response to a continually altering environment ( Knowles, Dianmantis A ; El-Mourhabi 2004 ) . All in all, the development of touristry of one state is closely related to the policies of that authorities. Harmonizing to Richardson A ; Fluker ( 2004 ) , policy is a class of action adopted and pursued by a authorities, expressed as a wide statement of general purpose which guides the actions of public retainers and others in transporting out the authorities s wants. In other words, merely the authorities has the power to command ( including by legislative assembly ) such an tremendous resources to develop scheme which matches the demand and supply factors such as an rating of tourer and market resources ; the visitant satisfaction ; environmental protection and equal wagess for developers and investors. In decision, the authorities plays an of import function in the touristry industry. Government bureaus have to supply statute laws, ordinances and controls for touristry in order to guarantee its touristry industry can prolong its degree and compete with other tourer finish. They have to set up a model which ensures its tactical and strategic in the attraction within the tourer finish in order to increase the sum of tourer trial. The protection of involvement is another of import factor of the finish country needed to be considered excessively. If the attraction of its finish diminution, it will impact the Numberss of tourers who are willing to see. As a consequence, to keep a stable attractive in tourer finish, a new finish may hold to be explored or unreal attract resources may be needed. Government bureaus have to be concerned with the credence in the society whether they welcome or in struggle with the tourer involvements. Government bureaus need to do a good balance between two of import factors. The publicity on tourer finishs helps its national economic and attractive force fight around the universe. Tourists who are attracted by the publicity will come to see alternatively of other topographic points, so that the national economic sciences will increase. However, if the finish does nt fit with what the authorities bureaus promote, the national repute may worsen. As a affair of fact, authorities bureaus play an of import function in the touristry industry as the contriver, coordinator, legislator and regulator, stimulator, booster and defender of the finish involvement.

African influence on Western Culture Essay Example for Free

African influence on Western Culture Essay ? Africa, a continent with a not so peaceful history, has always been mysterious and amazing, all at the same time. â€Å"Afri† was a Latin name used to refer to the Carthaginians who lived in Northern Africa from the 9th century B.C to the 7th century A.D when the last Punic culture was destroyed in the Arab conquest. Before I start recounting my general point of view on the topic above, I would like to share a brief opinion about multiculturalism. Some people refer to multiculturalism as a word that describes society where many different cultures live together in peace. But is it always like that? What about inherent racism and fear? Over the last few years, lots of people have been exploiting it in order to abuse other cultures and discriminate people who are different from them. In a normal world, they would be reprimanded and heavily fined. In most countries, that’s not the case and even the authorities do not care about them. On the other hand, all cultures deserve respect, including the African ones. Cultures have been developed over centuries to allow people to live together, reasonably and peacefully. Multiculturalism can mean a country accepting some practices it tends to object to, but it can also mean that a culture becomes exposed to other ways of living, which could have quite a bad impact on the other dwellers. In conclusion, we must learn that accepting people as they are is of great importance. It is important to respect each other, and one should know that living by moral standards is one irreplaceable thing. African influence on Western Culture. (2016, Nov 27).

Innovation through the next generation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Innovation through the next generation - Essay Example Initially their prices were not set or developed for the normal mobile phone user. Blackberry 8900 is still mainly targeted to the business class (BlackBerry Torch 9800 & 9810, 2011). The cell phone offers preloaded with the trial version of Microsoft Office and now provides the ability to edit, format and save the documents directly on mobile phone. The blackberry also focuses the elite business class with wireless connectivity option for faster, speedy paced Internet connections when the subscriber needs it the most. Blackberry has now been stimulated with the young generation capturing style and fashion. Along with multimedia, and camera, Blackberry has preloaded a series of applications and games such as facebook, twitter which is targeted directly to the youth and social networking groups. RIM has also offered a new software store namely Blackberry App World with thousands of applications that cater many kinds of audience. Impact of the Blackberry Billboard In the given photo, i t looks as if a dark side of a cell phone is displayed. This point is not understandable as why the theme of the advertisement of Blackberry is kept to be too much on the gloomy side. Reappearance and repetition of the work â€Å"Blackberry† poses a negative impact of dragging the potential customer on boredom and irritating side rather than programming and scripting the core features of Blackberry. â€Å"Blackberry app world† is advertised in a very small typeface size and at a top left corner where the possibility of being overlooked may arise. Viewer of this advertisement may not pay any attention to such an ignored piece of information (Mobile Phone Archive – Banana Kuwait Blog). Regardless of the age group, the overall theme of World of Innovation does not make any sense as the so called innovative features displayed in the advertise, are also offered by other cell phone manufacturers including Nokia, Apple etc. So what is innovative in this advertisement b illboard is just a matter of misleading the potential customer, as all the innovative features offered, are already in the knowledge of the potential customer. Since the younger generation is moving ahead of these upcoming features in the cellular phones, therefore by showing them facebook, twitter, gmail cannot attract them in a great deal. Whereas the elder class has distinct dispositions regarding the type of cell phones that they use. Elite business class prefer those cell phones which have the options of emails, documentations, spreadsheets and contact data bases etc, unfortunately, none of these features are marketed in this particular billboard advertisement. Rest of the elder class prefers to use simple, durable, reliable and economic cell phones but, yet here again, this Blackberry advertisement fails to fulfill their expectations. Impact of Colors in Blackberry Billboard Colors have a substantial emotional and psychological impact in advertising any brand or product. The p redominant colors used in the subject that I chose are strong and dark colors, comprising of black, navy blue and deep red colors. Deep and dark colors generally portray sentiments of power, evil, mystery and death. On the other hand, Black also gives a sentiment of elegancy, depth and feeling of perspective. According to Color Wheel Pro, black serves in gathering attention towards the advertisement. In my opinion, Black and other dark colors have been used in this advertise

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research Proposal - Essay Example In essence, public policy has played a key part in addressing the issue of poverty (Lee 2006). Assessment of governments’ use of public policy in addressing the issue of poverty is a concern that needs to be articulated upon comprehensively since poverty has been widely known to carry luggage of other economic and social dev elopements. For example, studies have documented that if the issue of poverty can be solved, several other issues such as GDP can be partially be solved. In another dimension, study of how public policy can be used in eradicating poverty can be argued to possess great impact on identifying and raising issues that can help governments in making necessary measures that can help solve not only poverty issue but also other problems affecting the public (Chaturvedy 2005). In addition, in the process of investigating the phenomena at hand, it is apparent that different frameworks of how different governments have used in utilisation of public policy in addressin g public issues will be highlighted. This way, there will be a broader spectrum of how identified frameworks by successful governments can be applied by unsuccessful governments. In essence, the concern of the study will also try to interpret the differences that are recorded in different approaches of public policies in addressing public issues. 1.1 Research Questions Can public policy be used to solve the issue of poverty? In what ways can public policy be used to solve the issue of poverty? What are effects of failure to use public policy in solving the issue of poverty? 1.2 Objectives of the Study General objective To investigate if public policy can be used to solve the issue of poverty Specific objectives To assess ways in which public policy can be used to solve the issue of poverty To find out the effects of failure to use public policy to solve the issue of poverty 1.3 Conceptual Framework Independent variables Independent variable 2 Literature review Application of public policy in addressing public problems One of the apparent functions of public policy is the creation of legislations of social policies. In fact, as Lee 2006 asserted, the initial step in solving poverty issue is by putting social legislations in place. In this regard, the issue of public policy comes in. Nevertheless, focus on how an issue like poverty can be solved needs a clear articulation of several things. Basically, a government needs to conduct some research and evaluate the necessary steps to be taken in order to solve the problem. The below sections highlight some areas that governments can put public policy into action in order to curb the menace of poverty. 2.1 Creation of Labour Institutions One of the challenges of eradicating poverty is the issue of unemployment and poor employment conditions. Studies have indicated that countries with high unemployment rates experiences lower economic growth and are reported to have a higher level of poverty than counties with higher employment rates (Chaturvedy 2005). Poverty can be defined under

The traditional meanings Essay Example for Free

The traditional meanings Essay Innovation is the identifiable tool of free enterprising—the undertaking that provides resources with a fresh ability to generate affluence. Peter Drucker The traditional meanings of innovation involves the process of introducing something new or something that is newly introduced (either an idea, method, or device) with tangible societal impact, according to The American Heritage Dictionary. In this definition, an innovation is not its technical description until a person effectively realizes the idea or a thing and creates profit on it. An innovation may be immense or minor. New-fangled or barely somewhat changed, it does not carry some weight. It can also be visibly intricate or apparently uncomplicated. Innovations are time and again assumed in terms of practical attainment; however, they can as well be outlines. The category, industry and manner of innovation are immaterial, yet its bearing establishes its aptitude. The existence of a whiz person can facilitate originality. The thing may have speedy outcome by having an individual who can observe critically and manage the things to take place in the future. On the other hand, innovation is above the creation of any genius individual such as Einstein. It entails carrying the design of a person or group of originators to expansive viewers. The opportunity of a lot of industries is reliant upon the capacity of the businesses to innovate. Since competition is intense, information unfolds rapidly. The power of a business enterprise to not merely sustain with its recent commerce systems but to surpass its particular prospects as well as its competitors are vital to its continued existence. Theories of Innovation There are several presumptions of innovation, namely breakthrough, incremental, disruptive, and transaction cost and network theory as some. There are cases asserting that innovations are required to be disrupting to meet the criteria of innovation. The change which occurs may represent both drastic and additional variations to items for consumption, schemes or services. The frequently implicit objective of innovation is to resolve a predicament. Others claim that any modification, on condition that it is quantifiable, becomes certified as innovation. Certain population would like innovations to be exposed and to be made accessible to each and every one as a way of defying even added development and inventiveness. Then again other people still think that new breakthroughs and channels have to be improved in confidence. The theory of breakthrough innovation is the one responsible for having pioneering ideas, products, or services. According to Nelson and Winter (1977, pp. 36-37), introducing a completely original creation or service rather than offering improved goods services along the similar lines as presently may incorporate risk. The vagueness of breakthrough innovations denotes that hardly ever do businesses accomplish their breakthrough aims this mode, nonetheless those periods that breakthrough innovation becomes successful, the compensation can be great. Incremental theory of innovation, on the other hand, concerns the revised form of ideas, products, or services. This innovation includes substantial adjustment or conversion in fundamental technologies and approaches, shaped by those functioning beyond typical production and out of presented paradigms. Every now and then, it is exceptionally difficult to create a distinction between breakthrough and incremental innovation, especially of ideas. Disruptive theory of innovation, then again will regularly have features that customary sections of consumers may not yearn for, at least at the start. Such advancements will come into view as bargain basement priced, more plain and even with substandard class if matched up to accessible ideas, goods, or services; although a quantity of subsidiary or new part will appreciate it. With the purpose of getting to the bottom of these troubles, establishments should construct a self-regulating commerce division whose dimension complements the surfacing market. This kind of innovation theory is somewhat a result of the aforementioned two theories. The occurrence of breakthrough and incremental innovations will mean better bounds of awareness, conceivably insistent of a fresh technique of considering the entire problem, almost certainly obtaining a much bigger threat than lots of individuals concerned are pleased about. There is repeatedly substantial hesitation in relation to forthcoming results. There may be significant disagreement to the suggestion and queries on the subject of moral principles, reasonableness or outlay of the application may be heaved. Communities may probe if this is or is not, an innovation of an idea, tool, or course. In the operation expenditure and net assumption point of view, innovation is an original building block instituted in the set of connections which alters the expenditure of dealings among components in the system.

AIDS in Africa :: Research Papers Term Papers

AIDS in Africa I. Introduction In 1983, the first report indicating that wealthy Africans were seeking medical treatment for AIDS in Europe, was published in a medical journal. What the world did not know at that time, was that AIDS had been spreading rapidly through parts of central Africa for years. Furthermore, no one ever imagined that, by the end of the year 1997, an estimated 30.6 million persons in the world would be infected with HIV, the virus causing AIDS, with the majority of these people living in Africa (Feldman and Miller 14). The prospect of AIDS being responsible for over two million funerals in the year 1998 alone, was also something that no one had ever thought possible. However, the reality is that the HIV/AIDS situation in Africa has blown out of control, and the current epidemic as it exists there is far greater and more widespread than that of the rest of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa, which is the region of Africa hit hardest by the epidemic, is home to only one-tenth of the worldâ€⠄¢s population, yet reportedly accounts for 71 percent of the infected population, 79 percent of cumulative AIDS related deaths and 92 percent of the world’s AIDS orphans. At the end of 1999, 24.5 million adults and children were living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Also taking a toll, is the life expectancy rate of Africans, which has dropped from sixty-one to thirty-nine years in the past decade, and is estimated to shrink to thirty-one years by 2008 due to the AIDS epidemic. Although AIDS is just one of the problems presently facing Africa, it is a major concern that needs to be addressed, before entire cultures are wiped out. AIDS has already claimed more lives than the total of all wars, famines, floods and such deadly diseases as malaria on the African continent (Laino). Attempts to eliminate or at least alleviate AIDS in Africa, though, have not been easy or rather successful. For a variety of reasons, due mainly to the cultural and economic aspects of Afr ica, AIDS itself, and thus the treatment and prevention of it, on this continent is different from the situation in the US, or most other developing countries for that matter. Evidence of this can best be seen through the inability of the rest of the world to help deal with the problem of AIDS in Africa (as it is clear that a country as poor as Africa can not survive this fight on their own) which has allowed the problem to spiral out of control.

Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation Essay

Beech-Nuttagum’s roots go back to 1891, to the Mohawk Valley town of Canajoharie, New York. It was founded there by Walter H Lipe, his brother and 2 friends (see company web site for more specific info). as The Imperial Packing Company; its first product was Beech-Nuttagum ham based on an old Lipe family recipe. Ham and bacon were the company’s main products for its first seven years. The company was incorporated as the Beech-Nuttagum Packing Company in 1899. In 1900, the company’s sales were $200,000. Engineers from Beech-Nut patented the first vacuum jar with a design that included a gasket and top that became a standard of the industry and could remain intact in transit. During the first 25 years of the 20th century, the company expanded its product line into peanut butter, jam, pork and beans, ketchup, chili sauce, mustard, spaghetti, macaroni, marmalade, caramel, fruit drops, mints, chewing gum, and coffee. [edit] Timeline * 1891, founded as The Imperial Packing Company. * 1931, Life Savers Limited acquired Beech-Nut. * 1968, Beech Nut-Life Savers merged with Squibb (part of the Olin Corporation) to form the Squibb Beech-Nut Corporation. * 1973, part of the company, selling only baby food, was sold to a group led by lawyer Frank C. Nicholas. * 1977, Beech-Nut Food Corporation became the first baby food company to have an entire product line without added salt. * 1979 Nicolas sold the company to Nestlà ©. * 1987, Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation paid $2.2 million, then the largest fine issued, for violating the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act by selling artificially flavored sugar water as apple juice. John F. Lavery, the company’s vice president for operations was convicted in criminal court and sentenced to a year and a day in jail; Niels L. Hoyvald, the president of the company, also convicted, served six months of community service. Each of them also paid a $100,000 fine.[1] * 1989 Ralston Purina acquired Beech-Nut from Nestlà ©. * 1997, all Beech-Nut products now free of added refined sugar. * 1998, Milnot Holding Corporation, one of the portfolio of companies owned by the private equity investment firm Madison Dearborn Partners, acquired Beech-Nut from Ralcorp Holdings (a spin-off of Ralston Purina). * 2002, Beech-Nut became the first baby food manufacturer to produce a line of baby food with DHA and ARA, two essential fatty acids found naturally in breast milk. * 2005, Madison Dearborn sold Milnot, and Beech-Nut along with it, to the Swiss branded consumer-goods firm Hero Group.[1] * 2007, Beech-Nut announced its intentions to move all of its manufacturing and corporate operations to Florida, New York by fall 2009.

Components of Supply Chain Management (SCM) Essay

The main elements of a supply chain include purchasing, operations, distribution, and integration. The supply chain begins with purchasing. Purchasing managers or buyers are typically responsible for determining which products their company will sell, sourcing product suppliers and vendors, and procuring products from vendors at prices and terms that meets profitability goals. Supply chain operations focus on demand planning, forecasting, and inventory management. Forecasts estimate customer demand for a particular product during a specific period of time based on historical data, external drivers such as upcoming sales and promotions, and any changes in trends or competition. Using demand planning to develop accurate forecasts is critical to effective inventory management. Forecasts are compared to inventory levels to ensure that distribution centers have enough, but not too much, inventory to supply stores with a sufficient amount of product to meet demand. This allows companies to reduce inventory carrying costs while still meeting customer needs. Moving the product from warehouses or manufacturing plants to stores and ultimately to customers is the distribution function of the supply chain. Supply chain integration refers to the practice of developing a collaborative workflow among all departments and components involved in the supply chain to maximize efficiencies and build a lean supply chain. 2 Walmart’s Method of Managing the Supply Chain Walmart has been able to assume market leadership position primarily due to its efficient integration of suppliers, manufacturing, warehousing, and distribution to stores. Its supply chain strategy has four key components: vendor partnerships, cross docking and distribution management, technology, and integration. Walmart’s supply chain begins with strategic sourcing to find products at the best price from suppliers who are in a position to  ensure they can meet demand. Walmart establishes strategic partnerships with most of their vendors, offering them the potential for long-term and high volume purchases in exchange for the lowest possible prices. Suppliers then ship product to Walmart’s distribution centers where the product is cross docked and then delivered to Walmart stores. Cross docking, distribution management, and transportation management keep inventory and transportation costs down, reducing transportation time and eliminating inefficiencies. Technology plays a key role in Walmart’s supply chain, serving as the foundation of their supply chain. Walmart has the largest information technology infrastructure of any private company in the world. Its state-of-the-art technology and network design allow Walmart to accurately forecast demand, track and predict inventory levels, create highly efficient transportation routes, and manage customer relationships and service response logistics. 3 Benefits of Efficient Supply Chain Management Wal-Mart’s supply chain management strategy has provided the company with several sustainable competitive advantages, including lower product costs, reduced inventory carrying costs, improved in-store variety and selection, and highly competitive pricing for the consumer. This strategy has helped Walmart become a dominant force in a competitive global market. As technology evolves, Walmart continues to focus on innovative processes and systems to improve its supply chain and achieve greater efficiency. How to Manage the Bullwhip Effect on Your Supply Chain The goal of any supply chain is to get the right selection of goods and services to customers in the most efficient way possible. To meet this goal, each link along the supply chain must not only function as efficiently as possible; it must also coordinate and integrate with links both upstream and downstream in the chain. The keystone for a lean supply chain is accuracy in  demand planning. Unforeseen spikes in demand or overestimations of demand stimulate the supply end of the chain to respond with changes in production. Production and supply issues then impact the consumer end of the supply chain and the effects ripple up and down the chain. This is often referred to as the bullwhip effect. 1 What Causes the Bullwhip Effect? Supply chain management is a complex process. There are several issues that can lead to the bullwhip effect and those issues can be exacerbated by delays in transmitting information, and a lack of coordination up and down the supply chain. Some causes of the bullwhip effect include: Consumer demand swings Natural disasters that disrupt the flow of goods and services Overcompensation when addressing inventory issues Ordering processes, such as order batching, can also contribute to thebullwhip effect. Organizations may accumulate larger orders before processing them in an effort to reduce costs and create transportation economics. They may also wait to place larger orders to benefit from lower prices offered during a promotion. Demand forecasting manipulation is another cause. By padding the forecast to compensate for possible errors, the organization loses sight of true customer demand. Customers can also contribute to the bullwhip effect by engaging in shortage gaming during periods of short supply by purchasing more than they need. Additionally, customers taking advantage of liberal return policies can create problems with developing accurate demand forecasts. 2 How to Minimize the Bullwhip Effect The first step in minimizing the bullwhip effect is to understand what drives customer demand planning and inventory consumption. Lack of demand visibility can be addressed by providing all key players in the supply chain  with access to point of sale (POS) data. Suppliers and customers must then work collaboratively to improve both the quality and frequency of information communication throughout the supply chain. They may also choose to share information through an arrangement such as vendor-managed inventory (VMI). Eliminating practices that introduce spikes in demand, such as order batching, can also help. The higher order cost associated with smaller or more frequent orders can be offset with Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and computer aided ordering (CAO). Pricing strategies and policies can also help reduce the bullwhip effect. Eliminating incentives that cause customers to delay orders, such as volume transportation discounts, and addressing the causes of order cancellations or reductions can help create smoother ordering patterns. Offering products at stable and fair prices can prevent buying surges triggered by temporary promotional discounts. Special purchase contracts can be implemented to encourage ordering at regular intervals to better synchronize delivery and purchase. 3 Adopting Supply Chain Management Best Practices Using sound chain management processes and systems will result in the efficient flow of goods from a raw stage to the consumer while enhancing ROI for the company. Reviewing case studies and other resources detailing best practices can suggest opportunities for improvement. Adopting successful practices such as Walmart’s use of cross docking, or Dell’s process of bypassing the middle man by offering made-to-order computers directly to customers, can contribute to a lean supply chain and minimize the bullwhip effect. Reducing the bullwhip effect requires a thorough evaluation of organizational policies, measurements, systems, and practices. Based on the positive implications an efficient supply chain can have on costs, sales, profits and customer satisfaction, it’s an undertaking well worth the investment and effort.

All The Kings Men essays

All The King's Men essays ?In the novel, "All the Kings Men" by Robert Penn Warren, Jack Burden and Willie Stark are paired as the two main characters. "All the Kings Men" is a unique novel because both Jack Burden and Willie Stark are considered dynamic characters, with each of them undergoing a significant change in their personalities as the story progresses. Over the years there have been controversy over which character is the most important. Although Willie Stark is a more commanding and domineering character, I feel that Jack Burden is the most important character because he is the narrator of the novel and the character we learn the most about. "All the Kings Men" is the story of Willie Stark told by Jack Burden. Jack Burden also tells his story as it goes along with Willie Starks. Both Jack Burden and Willie Stark need one another for the story to be told. Without Willie Stark, Jack Burden's story would be insignificant and without Jack Burden, Willie Stark's life would have little shape or meaning. Because Willie Starks story is told by Jack Burden, it is seen through Jack Burdens eyes with Jack Burdens own thoughts and opinions clouding Willie Starks story. I believe this is one of the reasons as to why Jack Burden is the more important character because it makes it clear that his interpretation of the story is the one that counts. Jack Burden puts his spin on every aspect of Willie Starks life from his political beliefs to Willie Starks relationships with his mistresses demonstrating, in my opinion, the authors way of making Jack Burden the main character over Willie Stark. I would describe Jack Burdens personality as stiff. The majority of Jack Burdens reactions and attitudes regarding his situation stem from his experiences as a six year old. When Jack Burdens believed father, better known as the Scholarly Attorney left his family, Jac...

Twin Turbo Engine Repair Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Twin Turbo Engine Repair - Research Paper Example A twin turbo engine is that type of engine which has two such turbo chargers installed at its intake manifold. Twin turbo chargers can be used for in parallel (to increase the amount of charge) or sequential (to increase the pressure of charge) operation. Examples of cars using such engines are Toyota Supra and BMW N54 etc. The current paper addresses one of the major repair problems for a twin turbo engine. Overhauling a Turbocharger: Most of the turbocharger users prefer to replace the whole turbocharger assembly in case of a fault. This is because of the complexities that arise during the repair of the assembly. The most important challenge during a turbocharger repair arises due to the small size of the components. This makes the vital parts such as bearings, turbine and compressor blades, seals etc. inaccessible for the repairer. Specialized tooling is required to perform most of the operations which is not readily available. All the operations from checking bearing play to misa lignment of the components require special expertise. However, we shall discuss here the challenges that arise while cleaning the insides of a turbocharger in a twin turbo engine. In a normal engine overhaul, engine degreasers are used to clean the insides of the engine and make it spot free.

About chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About chemistry - Essay Example This paper discusses the role of chemistry in wine making, particularly the chemical components carbohydrates and organic acids. The effect of temperature in the process of wine making will also be discussed. CARBOHYDRATES . Sugars are a sub-class of carbohydrates. This molecules take the biggest role in the fermentation process because they are ones that turn into alcohol. Fructose and glucose are the sugars that are most important in wine making. There are sugars such as pentoses and pectins that are present in the juice that does not really contribute to the fermentation process, but gives the wine its hazy characteristics (New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, n.d.). ORGANIC ACIDS. Tartaric acid and malic acid are two of the principal acids found in grapes, and they are important molecules in grapes because they provide the acidity of the wine. The acids provide a pH range of about 3.2 - 3.3, which serves as a buffer system. Succinic acid is present in wine but not in the grape juice which implies that its formation occurs during the fermentation process. It is important that the acidity during wine making is at its optimum level to provide the best condition for fermentation. Because yeasts are living microorganisms, they are supposed to live at their most natural environment to be able to thrive well and properly work on the sugars in the juices. Grapes which are too sweet have high pH values resulting to less subtle wine flavors. To prevent this, pH of the juice prior to fermentation is checked, and if found to be high, tartaric acid is added before loading up the yeast (Uva, 2013). TEMPERATURE. The temperature requirement in the manufacture of wine must not exceed 15.3Â ºC (60Â ºF) for white wines, and 29.4Â ºC (85Â ºF) for red wines. The conversion from sugar to alcohol with the evolution of carbon dioxide releases heat, so it is important that the temperature be always maintained. Low